Vaccination against Chicken pox & Hepatitis A

Vaccination against Chicken pox

Thanks to immunization with the vaccine, called Varivax, immunity against chicken pox is developed. Chicken pox is a childhood disease, which in adults can be severe enough.

Who should be vaccinated?

Adults who still do not have immunity against chickenpox virus are vaccinated with two doses of the vaccine with a time interval between doses of at least 4 weeks.
Vaccination is recommended for women who do not have immunity and have recently given birth.
Pregnant women and people with a weakened immune system should not be vaccinated against varicella.

Veterinary pox is a widespread contagious disease, the causative agent of which is the herpes virus. Varicella - the most contagious for the first time 2-3 days before the appearance of crusts on pustules.

Varicella is more common in children and, as a rule, does not take place in the severe form. In adolescents, adults, pregnant women and people with a weakened immune system, chicken pox can occur in a more severe form. The incubation period from the moment of contact until the onset of symptoms usually lasts 14-16 days, but it can be 10-21 days. Symptoms of chickenpox: fever, painful condition, the appearance of an itchy rash all over the body, the pustules filled with fluid form over time from the rash. A few days later the pustules burst and crust. Approximately about a week new pustules can form. A person infected with chickenpox can spread the virus among people even before the onset of symptoms.

[caption id="attachment_844" align="aligncenter" width="300"] Chicken pox[/caption]

The treatment of chickenpox focuses on preventing the comb rash and on the removal of symptoms, such as high fever and relief of discomfort. Vaccination against varicella is available and recommended for children, adolescents and adults who have not had chicken pox.

Vaccination against hepatitis A

Vaccination provides the formation of immunity against hepatitis A.

Who should be vaccinated?

Adults who are going to travel to certain countries, for example, countries in Central or South America, are vaccinated in two doses with a time interval between doses of at least 6 months.
Hepatitis A vaccination should also be given to adults who are at risk due to long-term (chronic) diseases, such as chronic liver disease.

Hepatitis A is a disease of the liver, caused by the hepatitis A virus. Symptoms of hepatitis A: vomiting, diarrhea and yellowing of the eyes. Infection, as a rule, passes by itself without treatment and does not cause long (chronic) diseases. In very rare cases, hepatitis A can lead to hepatic insufficiency with a threat to life.

Hepatitis A is transmitted through food and water contaminated with feces containing the virus. In rare cases, the virus can be infected by contact with infected blood or blood products.

You can get Hepatitis A only once. After the disease, life-long immunity against the virus is formed and relapse does not occur. To prevent the disease can be through vaccination against hepatitis A. Treatment of hepatitis A as such does not exist. The patient should rest as much as possible, stick to the diet and avoid alcohol.

BCG vaccine and Mantoux test: what is the difference and the relationship?

To date, the prevention of tuberculosis is absolutely necessary and conducted at the state level. First of all, it is BCG vaccination. It is made to the newborn in the maternity hospital at the first week of his life, if there is no contraindication to this. BCG does not prevent infection with a tubercle bacillus, but it contributes to the development of immunity. To control the susceptibility of the body to infection, starting with the first year, and then every year the children make a Mantoux test.

Reaction to the sample allows you to judge whether the child has so far encountered a tuberculosis rod, whether immunity has been developed on it and, accordingly, whether BCG revaccination is necessary. Indications for revaccination are determined based on the reactions of the body to the Mantoux test and taking into account the incidence of tuberculosis in the country as a whole.

BCG is a vaccine against tuberculosis, prepared from a strain of a weakened live bovine tubercle bacillus, which has virtually lost its virulence to humans, being specially grown in an artificial environment.

[caption id="attachment_841" align="aligncenter" width="225"] BCG vaccine[/caption]

Tuberculin Mantoux test is a skin test aimed at detecting the presence of a specific immune response to the introduction of tuberculin.

Neither BCG nor Mantou can provoke tuberculosis.

The reaction to the Mantoux test is estimated three days after the injection. The reaction manifests itself in the formation of the papule (a rounded area of increased density that rises above the skin) and in the reddening of the skin. The reaction consists of a visual assessment of redness (hyperemia) and measurement of the papule.

The following reaction options are possible:

• negative (no changes on the skin);


• doubtful (there is redness of any size without a papule or the size of the papule does not exceed 2-4 mm);


• positive weakly expressed (papule diameter 5-9 mm);


• positive medium intensity (papule diameter 10-14 mm);


• positive expressed (diameter of the papule 15-16 mm);


• excessive or hyperergic (the diameter of the papule exceeds 17 mm or there are pronounced signs of inflammation, such as the reaction of lymph nodes, skin ulceration, etc.).

Variants of reaction to the Mantoux test are interpreted by the medical staff of the institution in which the sample was conducted.

The main principles of interpretation include the following:

• the negative Mantoux reaction indicates that antibodies to the tubercle bacillus did not develop in the body at the time of injection and, accordingly, BCG revaccination was recommended;


• a doubtful test is equated with a negative one;


• a positive sample is predominantly indicative of the presence in the body of antibodies to the tuberculosis bacterium;


• signs of infection (but not disease) are:
  
  
  
  
  • the turn of the tuberculin test (the transition of a negative Mantoux reaction to a positive or an increase in the diameter of the papule as compared to the result of the previous sample by = 6 mm);
  
  
  • hyperergic reaction;
  
  
  • more than four years the remaining reaction to a test in the size of a papule = 12 mm;
  
  
  • gradual increase in sensitivity to tuberculin with the formation of papules = 12 mm.
  
  
  
  

Infection with mycobacteria tuberculosis does not mean the development of the disease. The signs of infection are a recommendation for observation of a child from a phthisiatrician, it is possible to prescribe therapy and re-sample Mantoux after the specified period. The Mantoux test does not allow to diagnose tuberculosis, it is an indicative test that demonstrates whether the body was exposed to a tubercle bacillus and whether antibodies were produced in response to it.

Absolute contraindications for the Mantoux are:

• skin diseases;


• acute infectious diseases;


• chronic diseases in the period of exacerbation;


• allergic conditions, rheumatism, bronchial asthma.

Parents should understand that the sample allows to make a conclusion about how sensitive the organism is to tuberculosis infection. It is important to understand that you can not get infected from such an injection. Dead bacteria of tuberculosis are introduced into the body, they can not infect the organism, but if the reaction goes beyond the norm, it means that the ingestion of living bacteria will prove fatal.

Features of modern vaccine prevention

According to WHO, vaccines annually save the lives of 3 million children. With the help of new vaccines, which will be developed in the next 5-15 years, it will be possible to prevent the death of an additional 8 million children per year. The number of infections against which it is possible to create vaccines is constantly growing. For 30 years it has increased 2 times. At the stages of experimental development and clinical trials are vaccines aimed at the prevention of more than 60 types of diseases. About 6 million children die from infectious diseases, against which there are no vaccines yet.

75% of the types of infectious diseases are diseases that are not managed by means of immunoprophylaxis. In the structure of infant mortality, infectious diseases occupy the fourth place. In 2002, about 30 million cases of infectious diseases were registered in the country. Of particular importance are acute respiratory infections, acute intestinal infections, influenza, viral hepatitis.

Over the past three decades, more than 30 new nosological forms of infectious diseases have been identified (Legionnaires' disease, Ebola and Marburg haemorrhagic fevers, viral hepatitis C, D and E, HIV infection, mycoplasmal infections, Creutzfild-Jakob prion disease, etc.).

In addition, after a certain period of well-being, there was an increase in the incidence of many "old" infectious diseases: viral (measles, mumps, rabies, dengue, yellow fever), bacterial (plague, cholera, tuberculosis, diphtheria, pertussis, typhoid fever, etc.) ), parasitic (malaria, toxoplasmosis, echinococcosis, etc.). The reason for this "return of old infections" is a whole range of factors: migration and population growth, urbanization, overcrowding, low uro-life, changes in ecology, climate, the evolution of microorganisms, tourism, labor characteristics, sanitation and other factors.

Of particular concern are infections with intracellular parasitism of the causative agent (herpes, cytomegalovirus, mycoplasmal, chlamydial infections), nosocomial infections, bacteriocarrierism and the ever increasing role of opportunistic pathogens in the development of infectious pathology. The development of means for specific prevention and treatment of these infections is associated with great difficulties.

Evidence has been obtained that microorganisms play a leading role in the etiology of many diseases previously considered non-infectious (Table 2). According to WHO, up to 84% of some forms of cancer are caused by the virus, bacteria and parasites. By preventing infections that cause tumor growth, about 15% of all new cancers can be avoided.

Infectious pathology becomes important in hepatology, rheumatology, in the development of atherosclerosis and diffuse lesions of connective tissue. It can be expected that many mental, endocrine, neurological diseases will soon enter into the category of infectious diseases. Reflection of this is a sharp increase in the range of vaccines used for specific and non-specific prevention and treatment of non-infectious diseases: allergic, autoimmune, oncological, etc.

The modern system of vaccination is a decisive factor in reducing child mortality, increasing the duration and improving the quality of life of all age groups of the population. Mankind has become vaccine-dependent. Insufficient attention to vaccination problems, reduction of vaccine coverage inevitably leads to a sharp increase in the level of infectious morbidity (outbreaks of pertussis in Japan, measles in Haiti, poliomyelitis in Chechnya, etc.).

Our ideas about contraindications to vaccination have changed. Instead of using sparing methods of immunization and numerous withdrawals from vaccination, a new slogan is put forward: chronic pathology is an indication for vaccination. Persons with this pathology constitute a risk group, which is the most susceptible to infections and which must be vaccinated in the first place. The list of contraindications to vaccination has dramatically decreased, but it is likely to be even shorter in the near future.

Individual viral vaccines not only create anti-infectious immunity, but also hinder the development of cancer diseases that occur in unvaccinated people under the influence of a viral infection. For example,

When vaccinating against hepatitis B, at the same time, primary liver cancer is prevented.

It was noted that vaccines prepared from conditionally pathogenic flora of the respiratory tract can increase resistance to influenza infection and, conversely, influenza vaccines increase resistance to nonspecific lung diseases. This is due primarily to the pronounced nonspecific protective effect that any vaccine causes. Specific prevention of poliomyelitis leads to nonspecific prevention of other enterovirus infections. It can be assumed that a nonspecific protective effect can be stronger if the compared infections have similar development mechanisms, and their pathogens have the same entrance gate and cause the same kind of immunity (humoral or cellular).

A person lives in an environment infested with various kinds of pathogens of viral, bacterial and parasitic diseases. Due to genetic variability, new species and variants of microorganisms appear in nature. Vaccines prepared for some countries may not be effective enough for other countries. This dictates the need for monitoring the genetic variability of pathogens of infectious diseases and periodically adjusting the composition of existing vaccines.

A person can not exist without a powerful defensive rapid reaction system. In addition, when this system is weakened, the balance between a person and a conditionally pathogenic flora is disturbed, which causes the development of an infectious pathology.

On earth, there are fewer epidemics, humanity has learned to fight infectious diseases through various anti-epidemic measures, including through vaccine prevention. On the other hand, the human immune system has become weaker responding to pathogens. The reasons for this are unfavorable ecological conditions, urbanization, weakening of natural immunization of people by microorganisms circulating in the environment, etc.

The widespread use of antibiotics and a large set of disinfectants reduces the circulation of pathogenic and non-pathogenic microorganisms. The successes of medical science and practice create favorable conditions for the survival of persons with a deficiency of the immune system and weaken the influence of natural selection on the life expectancy of individual people. The creation of such "greenhouse" conditions is not always useful for the human immune system. It is known that experimental animals grown under sterile conditions can not exist in a normal environment. The lymphatic system of such animals undergoes involution and is incapable of resisting even opportunistic microbes.

It is important that the human immune system is always at a certain level of activity. This provides protection against infectious, oncological and other diseases. A special role in maintaining such activity belongs to vaccines. Vaccines not only create specific protection against

specific types of infections, they have a strong nonspecific effect, stimulating numerous factors of natural resistance. From this point of view, if there were no vaccines, it would be necessary to create and use other immunobiological preparations for dosed and controlled stimulation of the human immune system. Is not the cessation of vaccination against smallpox in 1980 one of the factors that contributed to the "return of old infections" that began in the following years?

It is believed that numerous injections of vaccines can lead to antigenic overload and paralysis of the immune response. The theory and practice of vaccination shows that these fears are exaggerated. In the body there is a huge number of subpopulations of lymphocytes with different specificities, they can react even to substances that are not in nature. A healthy person with a formed immune system responds to virtually all vaccines made from those microorganisms that circulate in the environment. Naturally, there are exceptions for certain groups of people. For example, for newborns with an undeveloped immune system, for people with genetic defects, for people with immunodeficiency, organic lesions and other contraindications to vaccination.

Modern vaccination seeks the creation of ideal vaccines. The majority of existing vaccines can not be the basis for the creation of such vaccines; fundamentally new approaches are needed based on the use of knowledge about the cellular and molecular mechanisms of immune development, accurate data on the structure of antigens and their coding genes, on the use of modern biotechnology methods, and computer analysis in the selection of potential epitopes and the calculation of the intensity and nature of the immune response.

Requirements for an ideal vaccine

• The chemical composition and structure of the components of vaccines (antigens, adjuvants, carriers, etc.) should be accurately established.


• The vaccine should be administered once.


• The vaccine should be comprehensive and create immunity to many infections.


• The vaccine should provide lifelong immunity in 100% of the vaccinated.


• The vaccine should be safe and not have side effects.


• The vaccine should be administered in a convenient way for the medical staff and patients.


• The vaccine should be stable, have a long shelf life.


• The vaccine should not need to comply with the "cold chain".


• Vaccine manufacturing technology must meet modern requirements.


• The cost of vaccines should not be high.

On average, every 1-2 years the world medical practice receives one new vaccine and several modified vaccines. A feature of modern vaccination is the development and introduction of new generation vaccines based on artificial synthesis, genetic engineering and the latest technology. The molecular structure of many pathogens of infectious diseases was deciphered, artificial viral and bacterial peptides were obtained, large-scale methods of culturing cells used for the production of viral vaccines, monoclonal antibodies, cytokines and other immunobiological preparations were developed. Started production of recombinant vaccines and vaccines with protein carriers and artificial adjuvants. Essentially new vaccines are being developed (vector vaccines, DNA vaccines, plant vaccines, etc.)

The appearance of the production of immunoprophylaxis has changed, modern biotechnology based on artificial synthesis and genetic engineering is used at enterprises, cell lines lacking the defects of primary cell cultures are increasingly being used as a substrate for the manufacture of viral vaccines, and in industrial conditions it is possible to obtain kilogram quantities of monoclonal antibodies. Many enterprises work in the conditions of computerization of the main production processes and compliance with GMP requirements.

Modern diagnostic methods (PCR, immunoblotting, IFA modifications, biosensor systems, etc.) have a high degree of sensitivity (up to a picogram amount of antigen and antibodies) and allow diagnosis of the disease early in its development. Unfortunately, the test systems for assessing cellular immunity due to their complexity have not found wide application in practice, although this type of immunity underlies the resistance to many types of infections.

Many existing vaccines, preserving their names, have been improving for decades and are now much better than their predecessors. At the same time, all vaccines without exception (domestic and foreign) are not devoid of shortcomings and need further improvement. Practice is experiencing an acute need for vaccines against mycoplasmal, chlamydial infections, HIV infection, malaria, a more effective anti-tuberculosis vaccine. The development of selective and even individual methods of vaccination is topical.

The assessment of the cost-effectiveness of vaccination has become an indispensable element of any newly developed program related to the development, testing, commercial release, monitoring and use of new vaccines. When developing a new vaccine, the fate of the drug is decided by three main factors:

• the possibility of reducing the incidence and benefits of using the vaccine;


• risk of post-vaccination complications and possible damage from vaccination;


• cost of vaccine and economic benefits.

Of course, there are no absolutely safe vaccines, however, the number of complications arising during vaccination is hundreds and thousands of times less than the number of cases of a similar pathology that is observed in infectious diseases. The cost of vaccination for any vaccine, the effectiveness of which is proven, is about 10 times less than the cost of treating an infectious disease. All costs for activities carried out under the auspices of WHO to eradicate smallpox have paid off within one month of the declaration of liquidation. The planned eradication of poliomyelitis is extremely important for all countries of the world, as huge amounts of money are being spent on vaccinating the population against this infection. Currently, more than 90% of the global health budget is spent on treatment procedures and only a tenth of the budget is spent on prevention.

Vaccination is the most massive form of medical intervention and concerns virtually every person on earth. Vaccination is carried out on healthy people, including children. In this regard, the use of vaccines, especially at the stage of clinical trials of fundamentally new vaccines, requires strict adherence to ethical norms and rules.

Unfortunately, the legal and ethical basis of vaccine prevention is far from perfect. The level of public confidence in vaccination is not high enough. Violations of legal and ethical principles give rise to discontent and negative attitudes towards vaccination activities among part of the population. One of the priorities of modern vaccinology is the improvement of knowledge in the field of medical ethics in order to achieve mutual understanding between the population and specialists involved in the development, testing and use of vaccines.

What you need to know about Vaccination | Part 2

Vaccinations against which diseases are recommended for adults?

What vaccinations an adult needs to undergo depends on gender, age, lifestyle, travel planning, general health and what kind of vaccinations were received in childhood. About what kind of vaccinations are needed, you can find out from your doctor.

Depending on the situation, adults are vaccinated against:

• Chickenpox


• Influenza


• Hepatitis A and / or B


• Human papillomavirus (HPV)


• Cory, mumps, rubella


• Pneumococcal disease


• Poliomyelitis


• Shingles


• Tetanus, diphtheria and pertussis

Acquired anti-infective immunity

The main function of the immune system is to protect the genetic integrity of the body from the penetration of foreign substances. This protection is provided by a complex system of organs, cells and soluble factors (antibodies, cytokines, etc.). In the mechanisms of the body's resistance to genetically alien information, two main phenomena are involved: nonspecific resistance and acquired immunity.

Acquired anti-infective immunity reflects the specific stability that arises in the body during its life on specific types of microorganisms. Acquired immunity is divided into natural and artificial. Each of them, in turn, is divided into active and passive immunity. Depending on the object of action, the acquired immunity is divided into antitoxic, antibacterial, antiviral immunity, immunity to fungi, parasites and helminths. There are also sterile and non-sterile, general and local immunity. Natural actively acquired immunity arises after the transferred diseases or natural immunization with microbial antigens penetrating into the body through the skin or mucous from the environment. Artificially acquired immunity develops after vaccination.

Passively acquired natural immunity arises through the mother's milk or through the penetration of antibodies to the fetus's mother through the placenta. Through the placental barrier penetrate IgG, while IgM, IgD, IgA do not have this ability. The colostrum contains secretory IgA and IgM, but it has very little IgG. Passively acquired artificial immunity arises when introducing ready-made antibodies in the form of immune sera, plasma, immunoglobulins. This also includes cases of adaptive immunity induced by B-lymphocytes. Passive immunity develops faster, less resistant and not as long as active immunity.

Acquired anti-infectious immunity is not isolated from the nonspecific resistance of the body. The mechanisms of natural resistance and specific immunity closely interact at all stages of postvaccinal immunity. Phagocytosis, the complement system, mediators of inflammation, lysozyme, etc. are extremely important for the development and manifestation of postvaccinal immunity.

In two types of resistance, the general function is inactivation, suppression of the viability and multiplication of the pathogen and removal of the antigenic material from the body. Natural resistance is the basis for the development of acquired immunity. All cellular and humoral factors of nonspecific resistance participate, as effector mechanisms, in the development of acquired immunity. At the same time, in the process of becoming acquired immunity, a new system of immunocompetent cells, soluble factors and antibodies is involved. This system has its own genetic control, different from the genetic control of nonspecific resistance.

What is Vaccination?

What is Vaccination?

Vaccination helps protect you from infectious diseases. And it also helps to reduce the spread of diseases and prevents epidemics. In most cases, immunization is given in the form of injections. A drug that is administered is called a vaccine, and the process is vaccinated or immunized.

The vaccine, as a rule, contains a small amount of weakened or dead forms of microorganisms or viruses that cause the disease. This amount is not enough for the development of the disease in reality. But it is enough to form an immune response, in which antibodies are produced. Subsequently, antibodies will be able to recognize and attack such microorganisms or viruses when ingested.

Sometimes vaccination does not prevent the disease completely, but contributes to its easier flow. Some vaccinations are done only once. Other vaccinations are carried out in several stages.

Why is it necessary to be vaccinated?

• Immunization can protect you and your child from dangerous diseases.


• And it also helps to reduce the spread of diseases and prevents epidemics.


• It is much easier to undergo immunization than to treat the disease.


• Vaccines can cause serious side effects, but in very rare cases.


• Vaccination is also necessary for hiring or for traveling to other countries. Consult a doctor about the need for vaccination at least 6 months before departure.


• A woman who plans to become pregnant needs to consult a doctor about immunization. Those who live with a pregnant woman should also consult a doctor about the advisability of vaccination.

Vaccination and health hazards

Safety of immunization

Many people are concerned that vaccination can be dangerous if a person has a cold or is ill with another disease in mild form. Ask your doctor if you have any questions or concerns about vaccination.

If a person is slightly ill and takes medication, this is not a restriction for vaccination. Vaccination in this case is completely safe. In fact, the reasons why a person can not go through immunization is not so much.

Vaccination and pregnancy

If a woman plans to become pregnant, the advisability of vaccination before pregnancy should be consulted with a doctor. If there is a need for vaccination against chickenpox, measles, mumps and rubella (CCP), in this case, vaccination must be completed at least 4 weeks before pregnancy.

The US Centers for Disease Prevention and Control recommends that vaccination be given during the influenza season by an inactivated influenza vaccine ("influenza vaccine") to all women who plan to become pregnant or who are pregnant. Pregnant women can not be vaccinated against influenza with a nasal vaccine.

Pregnant women who need to be vaccinated against tetanus with a repeated dose can be vaccinated with a DM vaccine (tetanus, diphtheria). The American Center for Disease Control and Prevention recommends women who were not previously vaccinated with DTP vaccine (tetanus, diphtheria, whooping cough), vaccination with a dose of DTP vaccine before or immediately after birth. Vaccination is carried out in order to protect the newborn from pertussis.

If a woman is pregnant, after the birth the child will be vaccinated according to the schedule of routine vaccination. If the family has other children, there is no need to speed up or postpone their vaccination.

What side effects can occur due to vaccination?

If side effects due to vaccination occur, in most cases they are insignificant: The doctor can explain in more detail what side effects may occur. Usually, the following side effects occur:

• Redness, slight swelling, or pain at the injection site.


• Slight temperature increase.


• Drowsiness, loss of appetite and unusual behavior (eg, staggering).


• Minor rash during 7-14 days after vaccination against varicella or after vaccination with measles, mumps, rubella vaccine.


• Temporary pain in the joints after vaccination against measles, mumps, rubella.

Severe complications, such as a fever above 40 ° C or breathing problems, are extremely rare. If you or your child have an unusual reaction after the vaccination, you should see a doctor.

For a child, the risk of a disease is much higher than the risk of developing severe complications due to vaccination.

What you need to know about Vaccination | Part 1

What is immunization?

Immunization helps protect you from infectious diseases. And it also helps to reduce the spread of diseases and prevents epidemics. In most cases, immunization is given in the form of injections. A drug that is administered is called a vaccine, and the process is vaccinated or immunized.

The vaccine, as a rule, contains a small amount of weakened or dead forms of microorganisms or viruses that cause the disease. This amount is not enough for the development of the disease in reality. But it is enough to form an immune response, in which antibodies are produced. Subsequently, antibodies will be able to recognize and attack such microorganisms or viruses when ingested.

Sometimes vaccination does not prevent the disease completely but contributes to its easier flow. Some vaccinations are done only once. Other vaccinations are carried out in several stages.

Why is it necessary to be vaccinated?

• Immunization can protect you and your child from dangerous diseases.


• And it also helps to reduce the spread of diseases and prevents epidemics.


• It is much easier to undergo immunization than to treat the disease.


• Vaccines can cause serious side effects, but in very rare cases.


• Vaccination is also necessary for hiring or for traveling to other countries. Consult a doctor about the need for vaccination at least 6 months before departure.


• A woman who plans to become pregnant needs to consult a doctor about immunization. Those who live with a pregnant woman should also consult a doctor about the advisability of vaccination.

Vaccinations against which diseases are recommended for adults?

What vaccinations an adult needs to undergo depends on gender, age, lifestyle, travel planning, general health and what kind of vaccinations were received in childhood. About what kind of vaccinations are needed, you can find out from your doctor.

Depending on the situation, adults are vaccinated against:

• Chicken pox


• Influenza


• Hepatitis A and / or B


• Human papillomavirus (HPV)


• Cory, mumps, rubella


• Pneumococcal disease


• Poliomyelitis


• Shingles


• Tetanus, diphtheria and pertussis

What side effects can occur due to vaccination?

If side effects due to vaccination occur, in most cases they are insignificant: The doctor can explain in more detail what side effects may occur. Usually, the following side effects occur:

• Redness, slight swelling, or pain at the injection site.


• Slight temperature increase.


• Drowsiness, loss of appetite and unusual behavior (eg, staggering).


• Minor rash during 7-14 days after vaccination against varicella or after vaccination with measles, mumps, rubella vaccine.


• Temporary pain in the joints after vaccination against measles, mumps, rubella.

Severe complications, such as a fever above 40 ° C or breathing problems, are extremely rare. If you or your child have an unusual reaction after the vaccination, you should see a doctor.

For a child, the risk of a disease is much higher than the risk of developing severe complications due to vaccination.

Should I be vaccinated against anthrax or smallpox?

Anthrax and smallpox are especially dangerous diseases that can be used as biological weapons. And it's scary to even think that anyone can use them for bioterrorism purposes. But the US Centers for Disease Prevention and Control does not recommend vaccinating people against these diseases. Vaccines against these diseases are not available to the public.

The American Center for Disease Control and Prevention recommends that only a certain group of people should be immunized, for example, laboratory workers, medical personnel and the military.

Information on vaccination against anthrax and smallpox can be found on the websites of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention:

Information on vaccination against smallpox
Information on vaccination against anthrax

Vaccination and pregnancy

If a woman plans to become pregnant, the advisability of vaccination before pregnancy should be consulted with a doctor. If there is a need for vaccination against chickenpox, measles, mumps and rubella (CCP), in this case, vaccination must be completed at least 4 weeks before pregnancy.

The US Centers for Disease Prevention and Control recommends that vaccination be given during the influenza season by an inactivated influenza vaccine ("influenza vaccine") to all women who plan to become pregnant or who are pregnant. Pregnant women can not be vaccinated against influenza with a nasal vaccine.

Pregnant women who need to be vaccinated against tetanus with a repeated dose can be vaccinated with a DM vaccine (tetanus, diphtheria). The American Center for Disease Control and Prevention recommends women who were not previously vaccinated with DTP vaccine (tetanus, diphtheria, whooping cough), vaccination with a dose of DTP vaccine before or immediately after birth. Vaccination is carried out in order to protect the newborn from pertussis.

If a woman is pregnant, after the birth the child will be vaccinated according to the schedule of routine vaccination. If the family has other children, there is no need to speed up or postpone their vaccination.

Guide to Enteral method of vaccination

The enteral (oral) method of vaccination has been developed since the time of L. Pasteur, who in 1880 expressed his opinion on the possibility of oral vaccination against anthrax. In the history of the development of this method, there were two ascents. The first of these is associated with the name AM Bezredki, with his concept of the role of local immunity in enteric immunization. The second upsurge in animal and human studies occurred in the 1960s, when the tests of enteric vaccines against tularemia, influenza, measles, mumps, tick-borne encephalitis, typhoid fever, whooping cough, botulism, tetanus, staphylococcal and adenoviral infections were successfully carried out, etc. Mass oral vaccination against polio is an excellent proof of the legitimacy of the very idea of enteric immunization.

In the intestine, there are favorable conditions for the penetration of soluble antigens and microorganisms (weakly alkaline medium, intense absorption, a well developed lymphoid apparatus, etc.). Good absorption is facilitated by a large area of the mucosa, which has villi, which in turn is covered with threadlike processes (microvilli), which increases the surface of the mucosa. The total area of the mucosa reaches 500 m2. The strongest absorption occurs in the jejunum and ileum. In the colon, absorption is weaker, in the rectum due to a well developed venous system, absorption occurs quickly and directly into the large circulation.

The gastrointestinal tract is an important organ of immunity. The lymphoid structure of the organ is made up of Peyer's plaques, lymphoid tissue of the appendix, tonsils, regional lymph nodes. Lymph nodes are located on the outer surface of the intestine, in the mesentery and in the root of the mesentery.

Immunization with the oral administration of antigen begins in the upper parts of the digestive tract. Saliva has a weak effect on the antigenic properties of antigens, which manifest their activity already in the oral cavity and esophagus.

Prior to contact with the immune system, the vaccine must overcome a number of mechanical and chemical barriers, including the mechanical properties of the mucosa, the action of enzymes and the acidic environment of gastric juice. In this regard, the dose of antigen administered through the mouth should exceed by 100 or more times the dose sufficient for parenteral administration.

Saliva has a weak inhibitory effect on the vaccine, gastric juice causes the death of pathogens of certain infections, although living strains of poliovirus, enterovirus and intestinal bacteria are resistant to the action of gastric juice. Gastric and intestinal juices cause the decay of killed microorganisms and the cleavage of protein and polysaccharide antigens. Toxic properties of proteins are more resistant to the action of enzymes compared to their antigenic properties. In turn, vaccines entered enterally can change the composition, quantity and properties of digestive juices.

When oral vaccination develops local and general immunity, the body becomes resistant to infection through the mouth, skin, aerosol, etc.

In the mechanism of development of immunity in enteral vaccination, humoral and cellular factors play a role, as in other ways of introducing vaccines. The level of antibodies in serum with enteral immunization is often lower, and the development of general immunity is slower than with subcutaneous and intramuscular injection of antigen, although the final degree of resistance to infection with all vaccination methods may be the same. Moreover, local immunity with enteral administration of vaccines develops faster, so this method of vaccination can be used in practical medicine if it is necessary to quickly achieve specific stability in case of possible contamination through the mouth.

The history of enteral vaccines is estimated for decades, but only single enteric vaccines are used in practice. Among them, live poliomyelitis vaccine, recombinant rabies vaccine, widely used for the prevention of rabies in wild animals.

Oral vaccines against measles, typhoid fever, adenovirus and meningococcal infections, influenza, acquired immunodeficiency are being developed. Importance for the introduction of oral vaccines is important. For enteral immunization, high doses of vaccines are required, in many cases the antigen should be protected against destruction by gastric juice with an acid-fast coating, which naturally increases the cost of vaccines. The forms of release of enteral vaccines can be different, they can be liquid or dry, have the form of dragees, tablets, capsules, pills, etc.

Thus, there is no universal method of vaccination. In the practice of health, several methods of administering vaccines are used: subcutaneous, intramuscular, enteral, aerosol, and needle-free. It must be admitted that the enteral method of vaccination seems the most promising. When administering vaccines through the mouth, one can get immunity to any infection. Enteral vaccines have low reactogenicity and low allergenicity. They are well tolerated, their immunological and epidemiological efficacy is not inferior to similar vaccines administered in another way. The oral method is safe and simple, does not require special conditions, equipment and apparatus. Vaccination can be carried out in any conditions, it lacks the drawbacks of syringe and aerosol methods, with no danger of transmission of infections, it does not cause negative emotions in vaccinated.

Immunization of a person through the intestines and the respiratory tract is a physiological way of acquiring a specific resistance to infectious diseases. Contact of the pathogen with the mucosa is important for the initial stage of infection and the process of natural immunization.

In this regard, two areas for the development of new vaccines are being developed. One of them is associated with an adhesive protein, which is located at the ends of the filaments of the hair located on the surface of the bacteria. With the help of pili bacteria are attached to the mucosa, this ensures the colonization of bacteria on the mucosa.

Immunization with a vaccine prepared on the basis of an adhesin or the introduction of ready antibodies against this protein hinders the colonization of bacteria on the mucosa and the development of the infectious process.

Another direction is associated with the use of a nontoxic portion of a cholera toxin (CTB) or a thermolabile toxin E. Coli (LTB) as carriers and delivery vehicles of other antigens conjugated to these carriers. PTS and LTB have the ability to interact with mucosal receptors and thus provide a long-term presence of antigens on the mucosa, promote the transfer of antigens through the mucosa and the development of an immune response. Such experimental "mucosal" vaccines have been obtained for many types of pathogens of infectious diseases.

In recent years, such concepts as mucosal immunity, mucosal vaccines (see Section 34.3), mucosal system have been formed. The mucosal system includes gastrointestinal, respiratory and urogenital tracts, as well as lacrimal, salivary and mammary glands.

Antigens enter the lymphoid tissue of the intestine mainly through the epithelium of Peyer's plaques. Mechanisms of penetration of antigenic material through the intestinal mucosa may be different: the intercellular pathway of the antigen itself, the same pathway with phagocytes containing the antigen, penetration through the cytoplasm of the cell or through mucosal defects. Epithelial cells possessing pronounced pinocytic properties, process antigenic material and transmit it to lymphocytes. Antibody-forming cells are located in the own plate of the intestinal mucosa. The ratio of plasma cells secreting 1dA, 1dM and IgG is 20: 3: 1. Ticles with cytotoxic markers are concentrated in the epithelium.

1-5% of the protein administered with food is not cleaved by the enzymes of the gastrointestinal tract. Part of the uncleaved protein (egg white, milk protein, heterologous globulin, etc.) is absorbed into the lymphatic system. At the heart of absorption are not only the mechanisms of filtration, diffusion and osmosis. Through the intestinal mucosa penetrate the killed and living microorganisms (viruses, bacteria, rickettsia) belonging to the group of enteropathogenic or other, different in the mechanism of transmission and localization of infections, groups of pathogens. The attachment of microbes to the epithelial cells and their subsequent invasion depend on the adhesive antigens of the microbes and the presence on the epithelial cells of the corresponding receptor zones. Strong invasive properties are Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, Yersinia enterocolytica. In the intestine there is a persistence of a living virus.

The resulting IgA passes into the lumen of the intestine through epithelial cells in the form of a two-dimensional shape. Its acepies are bound by a stiffness, which has an affinity for the glycoprotein, which is formed in epithelial cells. This secretory component of the complex protects IgA from the action of enzymes, and the secretory IgA itself prevents the adhesion of bacteria and viruses to the surface of the mucosa, neutralizes toxins and activates the phagocytic activity of cells. In the secretory fluid, the IgAiIgG ratio is 1: 1, while in the serum it corresponds to 1: 6.

Antigens and sensitized lymphocytes can penetrate the regional lymph nodes into the chest stream and blood vessels, settle in the lymphoid organs and induce the formation of antibodies of different classes. Cells that synthesize IgA, return to the intestinal mucosa, strengthening local immunity.

An important mechanism of anti-infective immunity is the entry of IgA into the intestine through the liver. Hepatocytes capture IgA (its two and polymeric forms) from circulating blood and excrete it in bile. This greatly increases the resistance of the organism to food coming from food microbes.

Non-parenteral methods of vaccination, other than oral and inhalation, include intranasal, conjunctival, as well as percutal and intravaginal routes. In the last two cases, vaccines are given in the form of candles. A great future for "edible" vaccines, which are created on the basis of transgenic plants.

Different Methods of vaccination

Intracutaneous, subcutaneous and intramuscular methods of administering vaccines

The main gateway to infection and natural immunization of the body are the skin, the mucosa of the respiratory tract and the gastrointestinal tract. Immunity to any causative agent of infectious diseases can be obtained practically with any method of vaccination. When choosing the method of vaccine introduction, factors such as its safety, effectiveness, economy, productivity, ease of use of the vaccine and the psychological factor (absence of discomfort and pain in the patient) are taken into account.

Parenteral methods of vaccination include all methods of antigen administration, bypassing the gastrointestinal tract (cutaneous, intradermal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, aerosol). Methods with violation of the integrity of the skin were called destructive or percutaneous methods. The immunization process begins at the sites of injection of the antigen, which is phagocytized and processed by auxiliary cells (macrophages, dendritic cells, etc.), and then appears as lymphocytes. The antigen and cells primed with antigen can penetrate through the lymph vessels into the thoracic duct, and from there into the blood. They can settle in other lymphoid and non-lymphoid organs, ensuring the development of general immunity.

Most vaccines are administered subcutaneously and sorbed preparations are administered intramuscularly. With these methods of vaccination, favorable conditions are created for creating a depot and penetrating the antigen into regional and distant lymph nodes. The volume of the vaccine for intramuscular injection can exceed 2-3 times the amount of vaccine administered subcutaneously.

Intramuscular administration of vaccines (upper outer quadrant of the gluteus muscle, the anterior-external area of the thigh) is the main way of immunization with sorbed preparations. In this case, the local reaction is weakly expressed. In patients with hemophilia, due to the possibility of bleeding, a subcutaneous method of administering vaccines should be used.

Subcutaneous vaccination is usually used for non-absorbed vaccines. The vaccine is injected into the scapular region or to the area of the outer surface of the shoulder at the level of the upper and middle third of the shoulder. Reactions to the vaccine with subcutaneous injection under the scapula are less pronounced compared with subcutaneous injection into other parts of the body. Soluble vaccines are stored in the subcutaneous tissue for up to 5 days, and sorbed preparations - up to 1 month or more.

Despite the widespread use of subcutaneous and intramuscular methods, they have a number of shortcomings: the possibility of violation of aseptic rules, the need for disposable syringes, low productivity,

The intradermal route is used to administer the BCG vaccine. The vaccine is injected into the area of the outer surface of the shoulder. This method requires a certain skill, the vaccine is injected under pressure until the appearance of "lemon crust". If the BCG vaccine is incorrectly administered, there is a risk of a cold abscess.

The cumulative vaccination method

The cumulative vaccination method, widely used at the time for the prevention of smallpox, is used mainly for immunization with live vaccines against especially dangerous infections (plague, tularemia, anthrax, brucellosis, fever Ku). The cramping method allows to maximally decrease the reactogenicity of the vaccine, however, the non-standard dosage of the preparation and the scarification technique, as well as low productivity, limit the scope of this method.

Bezigolny method of vaccination

In the 1950s, a new method of vaccination appeared in the practice of public health: needle - free . The method is used for mass immunization of the population. The advantage of this method is high productivity, reduced risk of infection transmission, economy, lack of pain and discomfort when injected. Disadvantages: the possibility of the appearance of pinpoint bleeding, more pronounced reactions to the introduction of sorbed preparations due to their delay in the upper layers of the skin. The frequency of local and general reactions with such administration of drugs does not exceed the frequency of reactions when the vaccine is injected with a syringe.

Injectors are manufactured in various designs, adapted for mass vaccination companies (1000-1500 injections per hour) or for vaccination of limited groups of people (50-100 injections per hour). Injectors are constantly being improved in order to increase the reliability, accuracy and convenience of vaccination. However, the use of a needleless injector does not completely exclude the possibility of transmission of injections. We widely use the needleless injector BI-3M with the protector of anti-infective PPN-2doO, 5cm3.

Aerosol vaccination method

Vaccination methods that do not violate human natural barriers are devoid of many disadvantages of subcutaneous and intramuscular methods of administering vaccines. The problem of vaccination with the aerosol method began to be intensively developed after the publication of the works of AM Bezredki (1925), who advanced the theory of local immunity and believed that vaccines should be administered in the same way that pathogens infectious diseases enter the body.

Local immunity should be considered in the context of general immunity, local immunity can not provide a sufficient degree of protection of the body from infections. For such protection, the formation of general resistance is necessary, although the role of local immunity in this resistance can be significant.

Aerosol (inhalation) immunization occurs when vaccines are administered in the form of aerosols, although instillation of the vaccine into the nose is also accompanied by the penetration of the vaccine particles into the respiratory tract. For scientific purposes, sometimes used conjunctival method, in which the antigen quickly enters the nasal cavity and with the current of air - into the lungs. When nasal or chemical vaccines are introduced into the nose, concentrated vaccines must be used. The intranasal method is used primarily for the purpose of revaccination.

The mucosa of the respiratory tract in the upper parts is covered by a multilayer cylindrical ciliated epithelium, in the lower parts - by a two-layered, single-layered cylindrical, and then cubic ciliated epithelium. The bronchioles are lined with flat cells devoid of cilia. The total surface area of respiratory lungs is about 100 m2. In the interalveolar septa are leukocytes and septal cells that have phagocytic properties and the ability to penetrate into the alveoli, turning into alveolar macrophages.

In addition to alveolar macrophages, the immune system of the lungs is represented by cells of the interstitial, connective tissue, broncho-associated lymphoid formations and numerous regional lymph nodes. Macrophages and dendritic cells of broncho-associated formations cleave the introduced antigen and represent the formed peptides in complex with histocompatibility antigens to lymphocytes. Auxiliary cells that have come into contact with the antigen can migrate to the lymph nodes where they continue to perform antigen presenting function. The free antigen is absorbed through the lymphoid system into the general circulation of blood and, settling in the organs, triggers the immunization process. With aerosol vaccination, humoral and cellular immunity develops. In the secrets of the mucosa, immunoglobulin of various classes is detected, primarily secretory IgA, which is of local origin.

The particle size of the vaccine administered by the aerosol is essential for the development of immunity. The antigen acts throughout the entire airway, although highly disperse vaccines have stronger immunogenic properties. The bulk of the vaccine settles in the airways, only particles of no more than 10 µm in diameter penetrate the alveoli. It should be noted that as the dispersion of aerosol vaccines increases, their reactogenicity increases.

When the vaccines are aerosolized, mechanical protection mechanisms start to act that prevent the entry of foreign material into the lungs: accelerated settling of particles on the surface of the mucosa, the action of a ciliated epithelium, expelling vaccine particles along with mucus, sneezing, etc. Along with mechanical cleaning of the lungs, the introduced material and its enzymatic cleavage.

Aerosol vaccination allows to achieve increased lung resistance in a short time, which is of great importance for the prevention of respiratory infections. The aerosol vaccine falls not only into the lungs, but also partially into the gastrointestinal tract, this increases the tension of developing immunity.

The effectiveness of aerosol immunization is not inferior to other methods of antigen administration , and in some cases even exceeds them. It is noteworthy that the level of sensitization of the body, achieved by aerosol vaccination, does not exceed the degree of hypersensitivity in other methods of immunization. Postvaccinal reactions develop shortly after inhalation or after 3-6 days and are predominantly general in nature (fever, headache, general weakness, pain in muscles and joints, nausea, loss of appetite).

With aerosol immunization, an immune response can be obtained to any vaccine (live, dead, chemical, liquid, dry). More convenient are dry concentrated vaccines with a certain fractionally dispersed composition. For some vaccines, a filler is necessary, which helps to disperse vaccines when sprayed.

Disadvantages of aerosol vaccination

Disadvantages of aerosol vaccination are a small percentage of digestible vaccine assimilability in a group vaccination method, the complexity of vaccine manufacturing technology, the use of excipients, stabilizing additives, the need for special equipment and devices for spraying vaccines for their individual or group use.

In the practice of health, complex aerosol formulations are used, which include antigens of pathogens, obligatory living in the upper respiratory tract of a person, for the prevention and treatment of chronic lung infections.

Immunization of Travelers

Recommendations for vaccination

If you are going to travel, consult a doctor about the need for vaccination several months before departure. Certain factors, for example, the age and state of health where you are going, the length of stay, may increase the risk of contracting an infectious disease and in this case vaccination is necessary.

Age and state of health

For people with certain diseases, such as, immune system disorders, there may be a need for other additional vaccinations. In addition, small children who travel must undergo scheduled vaccination earlier.

Route of trip

In most developed countries (including Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, western and northern European countries), the risk of contracting a serious infectious disease is no greater than in the US.

[caption id="attachment_799" align="aligncenter" width="300"] Immunization of Travelers[/caption]

But in developing countries (most countries in Africa and Asia, as well as in South and Central America), the incidence of serious serious infectious diseases is much higher than in most developed countries. Especially in places where sanitation is low (for example, contaminated water and food).

If you are going to go to South America and Africa, the doctor may suggest you get vaccinated against yellow fever.

Travelers to developing countries should take measures to prevent infection with hepatitis A, against which you can get vaccinated. Additional vaccination may be recommended, for example, a counter-typhoid vaccine. The need for such immunization depends on the history of human immunization, the route and purpose of the trip, the time of year and the frequency and duration of outbreaks.

How are you going to travel, and what kind of activities will you conduct?

Certain activities or ways of traveling can increase the risk of incidence. These include:

• Study of rural areas or terrain, which is not included in the usual tourist route.


• The hiker.


• Visiting other countries.

Length of stay

The longer you stay in the country, the more you are exposed to pathogens that are typical for the area, which can be harmful.

Other vaccines

For more information on vaccination for travelers, please consult your doctor.

Vaccination and preparation for the holiday

For many of us, vacation is the most favorable time of the year. This is the time of rest, sports, communication with friends, trips to new places and much more. And certainly, no one wants to spend this time on solving health problems!

An increasing number of Ukrainians prefer to spend their holidays abroad. Staying in Europe and North America does not pose a particular danger to health. With tropical and subtropical countries the situation is somewhat different. Infectious diseases, which are very rare and nonspecific for the mid-latitudes, pose a certain risk to tourists in the eastern countries.

[caption id="attachment_796" align="aligncenter" width="320"] Vaccination[/caption]

Fortunately, the infection can be avoided, thanks to vaccination:

Egypt
revaccination of diphtheria-tetanus, hepatitis A, typhoid fever.

India
revaccination of diphtheria-tetanus, poliomyelitis, hepatitis A, typhoid fever, malaria (risk in the whole state, including large cities).

Kenya
revaccination of diphtheria-tetanus, hepatitis A, typhoid fever, yellow fever (low risk in Nairobi and Mombasa), malaria.

OAE
revaccination of diphtheria-tetanus, hepatitis A, typhoid fever.

Thailand
revaccination of diphtheria-tetanus, hepatitis A, typhoid fever, malaria (there are no tourists in major cities and main recreation areas)

Turkey
revaccination of diphtheria-tetanus, hepatitis A, typhoid fever.

In case of prolonged stay, close contact with the local population, as well as trips to the countryside, additional vaccines may be needed: hepatitis B, rabies, Japanese encephalitis, meningococcal meningitis.

Protect yourself from Hepatitis A while traveling

Immunization against hepatitis A is recommended for people who are going to go to any country, except:

• Australia


• Of Canada


• Of Japan


• New Zealand


• USA


• The countries of Western Europe and Scandinavian countries (Norway, Sweden, Finland).

You can consult a doctor about the need for vaccination. If you are going to a country with a low level of sanitation or where hepatitis A is common, before you get vaccinated against hepatitis A with any vaccine, immunoglobulin or combination vaccine against hepatitis A and B, consult your doctor. If you often go to a country with a low level of sanitation or stay there, you also run the risk of getting hepatitis B.

[caption id="attachment_793" align="aligncenter" width="360"] Hepatitis A[/caption]

Vaccination against hepatitis A is carried out by a series of vaccines resulting in the formation of immunity for 20 years. For adults (people over 18), it is best if the first injection is done at least 4 weeks before the proposed contact. But after the first injection with a vaccine, only short-term immunity is formed in the body. Vaccination against hepatitis A is recommended for all children from 1 year. Immunization is carried out in two separate doses at intervals of 6 months. Repeated injection is done 6-18 months after the first dose of the vaccine.

If a person plans to stay for a long time in a country where hepatitis A is common, he is injected with a high-dose immunoglobulin (IG). Subsequently, every 3-5 months, it is necessary to re-inject the immunoglobulin (IG) of the same high dose.

Immunoglobulin is made from components of human blood. The risk of the occurrence of diseases transmitted through the blood, due to the introduction of the immunoglobulin produced in the US, no. The safety of immunoglobulin produced in other countries is not guaranteed.

When visiting countries where hepatitis A is common and staying there for less than 3 months, injecting an immunoglobulin will be enough. But if the trips abroad are scheduled regular, you should get vaccinated.

People who are allergic to the components of the hepatitis A vaccine and children under 1 year of age are immunized with immunoglobulin to protect against hepatitis A.

If you travel to places where hepatitis A is very common or water quality is questionable:

• Before drinking, boil water. Water should boil for at least 1 minute. If you are at an altitude of 6562 or higher, boil water for at least 3 minutes. Do not drink tap water or spring water or drinks with ice cubes.


• Do not use tap water or spring water when brushing your teeth.


• Make sure that the food is cooked in accordance with all standards, especially oysters.


• Eat raw only those fruits and vegetables that you yourself washed in clean water and cleaned.


• Do not swim in water that has not been treated with bleach.

How to effectively cleanse the body of toxins?

It's no secret that we live in an unhealthy environment, breathe polluted air, drink polluted water and eat foods with high levels of harmful substances, we treat medicinal drugs, which, as folk wisdom says - one treats, and another mutilates smoke and abuse alcohol. In addition, we buy and carry toxic synthetic clothing and all the time we are under the influence of electromagnetic waves and electromagnetic smog.

In our body toxins easily penetrate and cause various pathological changes in the body: block the circulation of blood, energy, disrupt the activity of the gastrointestinal tract, urinary system, cause problems with blood vessels and the heart ... And these are only external manifestations, that is, those that the person feels. And what can be done at the cellular level? Nobody can tell us this, but if we go to specialized laboratories, then with 100% certainty we can say that there are no healthy people. And the primary source of all unhealthy changes in the body are precisely these - toxins ...

[caption id="attachment_715" align="aligncenter" width="398"] cleanse the body of toxins[/caption]

Part of the toxins form heavy metals, unoxidized fats and cholesterol, whites, uric acid, acetaldehyde, which is not completely processed and digested by the body's enzymes, which occurs with the use of alcohol and other harmful substances that massively saturate our body from the untreated water, atmosphere and sometimes harmful food. These toxins disrupt the normal metabolic processes in the body, make a limitation and create an environment that is favorable for the development of various diseases and abnormal reactions of the immune system, reduce the life time of a person.

Effective fight with toxins can. For example, asking yourself the question - why many rural inhabitants of mountainous Asia - Tibet, the Himalayas - live to 100 or more years, for the whole life they are sick only with mild forms of cold, and do not die from illnesses, but "from old age". The reason for the strong spirit and body of Chinese people lies precisely in folk Chinese medicine, which absorbed the natural recipes of nature, accumulated over the centuries, to maintain the health of the body.

Until recently, these recipes could only be used by select people with large incomes. Now, healing Chinese medicine is available to every inhabitant of the Earth.

In addition, adjusting to our modern age, where the main criteria of treatment - efficiency and convenience for the patient, scientists of the company " Tibet Highland Herbs " ™ have developed a unique form of medicinal substance - skin patch impregnated with extracts of medicinal herbs of mountain Tibet, thanks to which the medicinal substances penetrate the body directly through the skin, binding the toxins and removing them, thereby completely cleansing the human body of all unnecessary that our urbanistic age "gives" us.

The company ZDOROVEE offers a great applicator that gives your body energy and vitality. The best means for cleansing the body. Due to the shape of the skin patch, the applicator is easy to apply. A unique complex, including a specially selected composition, will help you cleanse the body and feel healthy.

Cleansing the body is your way to health!

The detoxification effect of the plaster is based on the action of medicinal plants:

Flos Lonicerae (Japanese honeysuckle)

[caption id="attachment_712" align="aligncenter" width="225"] Flos Lonicerae[/caption]

Strengthens the secretion of gastric juice and digestive capacity of the stomach, relieves inflammation during intoxication. Reduces blood pressure, completely eliminates the manifestations of cold in its early stages.

Fructus Forsythiae Suspensae (Fruit of the forsythia hanging down)

[caption id="attachment_713" align="aligncenter" width="148"] Fructus Forsythiae Suspensae[/caption]

Have anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and anti-edema action; have anti-allergic effect.

Catechu (Acacia Catechu)

[caption id="attachment_714" align="aligncenter" width="225"] Catechu[/caption]

Used as a tannic tannin and toxin-binding substance for diseases of the digestive tract, diseases of the throat and mouth /

How to test for indoor air quality?

Does anyone smoke in the house?

Tobacco smoke is the main cause of indoor air pollution. It contains more than 4,000 chemicals, many of which are toxic or cause cancer. Avoid smoking indoors or smoking in well-ventilated and isolated areas. Never smoke in the presence of children, especially if they have asthma or an allergy.

Is there a fireplace in the house or a wood stove?

If the stove or oven is not properly ventilated, nitrogen dioxide and particles that can cause respiratory illness can be released. Regularly clean the fireplace and wood stove, and also make a professional inspection before each heating season.

[caption id="attachment_709" align="aligncenter" width="328"] indoor air quality[/caption]

Do you have a gas cooker?

The gas stove can emit carbon monoxide, which is a toxic gas and can cause a headache, drowsiness, nausea, weakness, clouding of consciousness and even death. Install an exhaust fan above the gas stove, which draws air to the street. Contact the gas service with the request to install the plate in the right way: so that the flame was blue, not yellow. If you buy a new plate, choose one that does not have an ignitor. Do not heat the house with a gas stove.

Is the attic and basement of your house well ventilated?

Good ventilation of the attic, cellar or cellar, as well as humidity below 50%, prevents the accumulation of moisture. Humidity is a favorable environment for the appearance of mold, which exacerbates allergy and asthma, as well as other respiratory diseases. During wet weather, use moisture eliminators.

Do you use humidifiers and air conditioning?

Mold, bacteria, and viruses appear in a humid environment and accumulate in humidifiers and ventilation systems. They spread through the air and cause various diseases. Often, clean the humidifiers, as indicated in the instructions, and change the water daily. Also, clean the pallets in the air conditioning systems.

Do you have any pets?

Allergies can develop on animal hair (small skin cells that lose animals), as well as saliva. Effective can be frequent bathing and combing the animal, which, if possible, is performed by someone who does not suffer from allergies. Do not let the animal into some rooms in the house, for example in the bedroom, or at least limit their stay there. Sometimes people with an allergy to animals have to give up their pets.

Is there carpet in your house?

Water-damaged coating is a favorable environment for the appearance of mold and bacteria. You must remove water-damaged carpets and get rid of mold and bacteria.

If you buy a new carpet, glues and litter they can secrete chemicals that cause headache, eye, nose, throat irritation and other symptoms. Choose products that allocate the least amount of these substances. Leave the room during the installation of the cover and ventilate all rooms.

Diseases caused by indoor pollution

Pollution of the environment of premises

This type of pollution can affect your body at home, at work and even away. This is the main cause of respiratory diseases, as well as asthma, allergies and lung cancer. These diseases can worsen in the winter when the windows are tightly closed and air circulates poorly.

Follow the advice that will help reduce the level of indoor pollution in the home, for example, do not allow smoking in the house.

Cigarette smoke

One of the more common toxic substances that pollute indoor air is cigarette smoke. Experts believe that it is he who causes 87% of cancer. Smoking or even tobacco smoke increases the risk of heart attacks.

Tobacco smoke consists of more than 4,700 components. Smoke from a smoldering stub contains more carcinogens than smoke inhaled by a smoker. If you do not smoke, and your cohabitants or employees continue to smoke near you, ask them to smoke in well-ventilated or isolated places. Never smoke in the presence of children and do not allow them to be in cigarette smoke, especially if they have asthma or an allergy.

The inhalation of cigarette smoke in many children causes wheezing, coughing, and excessive mucus secretion. Secondary smoke can cause accumulation of fluid in the inner ear, which can lead to ear infection. There is also a risk of developing respiratory infections in the lower respiratory tract, such as pneumonia and bronchitis. Sometimes these infections may require hospitalization, especially in newborns and young children.

Newborns that are under the influence of secondary smoke are in a group at increased risk of developing sudden death syndrome.

Every year, cigarette smoke causes asthma in thousands of children. Also, children who suffer from this disease experience more acute symptoms after inhaling the secondary smoke.

In recent years, the number of children suffering from asthma has more than doubled, and the reason for this is the negative impact of the environment.

Wood and gas stoves

[caption id="attachment_703" align="alignleft" width="328"] indoor pollution[/caption]

Incorrectly installed and poorly ventilated wood furnaces can emit gases, including carbon monoxide, nitrogen, particulates and hydrogen carbonates. Children who live in houses with wood-burning stoves are more likely to suffer from respiratory diseases. Gas stoves that are poorly ventilated or used as a heater can release nitrogen dioxide, which can cause respiratory diseases. Use electric cookers.

The yellow flame of the plate indicates its incorrect installation. In this case, contact a specialist. If you are going to buy a new plate, choose one that does not have a ignitor.

If you use a wood stove, make sure that the doors are snug. Use only completely dry logs. Never use pressure-treated firewood, because chemicals are used in this process.

Check chimneys, vent pipes and gas boilers every year.

Construction Materials

Contact with building materials, products used in repairs, and textiles can cause health problems. For example, particle boards, insulation, carpet adhesives and other household products can emit formaldehyde, which can cause nausea, respiratory problems, dryness, skin inflammation and eye irritation. The acutest problem is new homes and mobile homes. The use of safe products that contain little or no volatile organic compounds can reduce the chemical load on your body.

"Syndrome of a sick home" and asthma associated with environmental conditions inside the building

Specialists use the term "sick home syndrome" to describe symptoms that occur in a certain room and are not caused by any disease or cause. These symptoms include headache, dry cough, dry skin and itching, drowsiness, impaired concentration, fatigue, sensitivity to odors, irritation of the eyes, nose, or throat. As a rule, these symptoms pass as soon as you leave the room.

The cause of this syndrome may be poor ventilation. Carpet, adhesives, sheathing, industrial wood, copiers, pesticides and detergents can release volatile organic compounds (VOCs), among them formaldehyde. High concentrations of VOCs can cause cancer. Unvented gas and kerosene heaters, wood stoves, fireplaces and gas stoves can emit carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide.

External sources of chemicals can also cause "sick home syndrome". Exhaust gases, pairs of water systems and exhausts of construction equipment can enter the building through the ventilation system.

In turn, asthma associated with indoor environmental conditions is a term that is used if the symptoms of the disease are associated with harmful particles that are carried through the air inside the building. These symptoms include coughing, chest tightness and wheezing and do not go away if you leave the room.

Bacteria, mold, viruses and other biological particles

Bacteria, mold and viruses accumulate in stagnant water, which collects in humidifiers, drainage pans, pipes, carpet, ceramic ceiling and insulation. Fever is a disease that causes toxins of microorganisms that multiply in large heating and ventilation systems of buildings, but they can also be in systems of private houses and humidifiers. Legionella pneumophila is a bacterium that causes Legionnaires' disease.

Animal wool, pollen, household mites, mold, urine of rats and mice are allergens that cause asthma, allergic rhinitis and other lung diseases. Symptoms of the disease that are caused by biological irritants include sneezing, eye irritation, difficulty breathing, lethargy, drowsiness, indigestion.

Although the studies did not yield convincing results, but according to observations, early contact with household allergens such as mold can cause a severe allergic reaction in the future. An allergy to mold can exacerbate asthma attacks or cause asthmatic symptoms.

To reduce the number of allergens, keep the house clean. There are many ways to control the accumulation of dust and household ticks in the house, for example, wash bed linens in hot water, clean interior items that collect dust (curtains). There are also many ways to control the accumulation of animal hair and other allergens.

Exhaust fans in the kitchen and bathroom will help to get rid of excessive humidity, which is favorable for the development of microorganisms such as mold. Wetting of modern building materials creates a favorable environment for the development of mold, which can exacerbate asthma attacks and cause other symptoms of respiratory diseases. Airing attics and cellars, as well as air humidity below 50% will help prevent accumulation of moisture in building materials. There are other ways that can help control mold accumulation, such as preventing leaks, removing wet materials, storing firewood for the fireplace outdoors and using a moisture eliminator during wet weather.

Watch for the purity of the humidifiers and fill them every day with fresh water. Often clean the drainage pallets of air conditioners, moisture eliminators and refrigerators. Wet carpets and building materials can also contain mold and bacteria. It is very difficult to get rid of bacteria and mold, so replace all the soaked materials.

You can also:

• Replace the carpet with wooden or tiled.


• Put up the sofas with a cover that can be removed and washed.


• Use blinds, not curtains, which collect a lot of dust.


• Install in some rooms, especially in the bedroom, air filters.

Household products

Many of the products that you use to clean the house, during your favorite occupation and for repair contain potentially hazardous chemicals. Some of them can be toxic and in sufficient doses can cause respiratory problems, headache, drowsiness, visual impairment and memory loss. The most important way in which you can protect yourself is to follow the instructions on the label. If you use detergents or other products to ensure good ventilation, open windows or use an exhaust fan. Never mix household chemicals, such as chlorine and ammonium. Some mixtures can release vapors that can be life-threatening.

Better use environmentally friendly products. Vinegar, lemon juice, boric acid and baking soda can be used as cleaning agents, besides they do less harm to you and the environment. Be especially careful with products that contain methylene chloride, among such products, a liquid for removing paint, solvents and aerosol paints. If you use products that contain such chemicals, ensure good ventilation or use them outdoors. To avoid contact with the skin, wear gloves. But in any case, try to use products that are safe for the environment.

Avoid contact with benzene, it can cause cancer. Benzene is part of tobacco smoke, fuel, paint and exhaust. Also, limit contact with clothing and furniture that has undergone a dry cleaning. Cleaners, which are used for dry cleaning, release perchlorethylene (tetrachlorethylene) and trichlorethylene. These chemicals cause a rash, headache, drowsiness. If, after dry cleaning, a strong smell emanates from the clothes, it may not have dried well enough and evaporates the chemicals. After removing the cover, hang clothes for a while on the street. Find a dry cleaner that uses less toxic chemicals.

Asbestos

Asbestos is an insulating material that was used in the 1950s and 1970s for soundproofing, covering floors and ceilings, as well as insulation of water pipes and heating pipes. If this material is in good condition, it is not a health hazard, but if it is demolished and begins to crumble, its particles can get into the air. Inhalation of asbestos fibers can cause lung cancer, asbestosis (coarsening of lung tissue) or mesothelioma.

Radon

Radon is a radioactive gas that has neither color nor smell, it enters the house through cracks in concrete walls and floors, and through a drainage system. The main source of radon is uranium, which is contained in the soil or stones on which the house is built. The problem arises when the concentration of radon in a building rises. This problem can arise in new and old houses, even if they do not have a basement.

The effect of radon is the second major cause of cancer. (In the first place cigarette smoke.) Contact with radon increases the risk of cancer in a smoker by 12 times, compared with non-smokers.

You can not feel or see radon, but you can identify it with a tester that is sold in the store.

Control of indoor pollution

The body's response to harmful particles depends on age, health and sensitivity to various chemical and biological pollutants, for example, bacteria. Treatment can consist only of limiting contact with toxins in the home. In some cases, after long and frequent contact, serious diseases such as cancer, heart disease and respiratory diseases can develop. In this case, the treatment can be quite long and depends on the type of the disease.

Pollution of the environment

Air is polluted by many sources, such as factories, transport and power plants. But there are other sources that you may not even suspect, such as dry cleaning products, fires and dust. Contaminated air damages health, crops, trees, water and animals.

There are 6 main components that pollute the air:

Ozone

It is a gas that exists on the surface of the earth, as well as kilometers from it. It is released during the chemical reaction between nitric oxide and volatile organic compounds under the influence of heat and sunlight. "Good" ozone is formed, as a rule, 15-50 kilometers from the surface of the earth. There, in the stratosphere, it creates a protective ball from harmful sun rays. On the surface of the earth there is a "bad" ozone (smog). Exhaust gases, industrial emissions, vapors of gasoline and chemical solvents are the main sources of nitrogen oxides and VOCs. If you add solar rays and hot water to all this, a dangerous concentration of ozone may result. Because of heat, ozone is a major problem in the summer and can be dangerous for people with respiratory diseases. It can cause problems such as:

• Lung irritation, which can cause inflammation similar to sunburn.


• Cough, wheezing and pain with deep breathing and playing sports on the street.


• Permanent damage to the lungs during prolonged contact.


• Acute asthma, increased susceptibility to pneumonia and bronchitis, as well as a decrease in lung volume.
  
  

Microparticles

The microparticles include dust, dirt, soot, smoke and impregnations. They come from different sources, such as vehicles, factories, construction sites, dirt roads and burnt timber. Other particulates are formed during the reaction of the gases of the burned fuel and water vapor under the influence of sunlight. These gases can be the result of fuel combustion of vehicles and industrial power plants. Upon inhalation, particulates may cause:

• Acute asthma.


• Cough, difficulty, or pain in breathing.


• Chronical bronchitis.


• Dysfunction of the lungs.


• Irritation of eyes, nose and throat.

Carbon monoxide

In cities with intensive traffic, most carbon monoxide enters the air with exhaust fumes. It is also formed in the process of industrial production, during the burning of wood and forest fires. Carbon monoxide reduces the body's ability to deliver oxygen to the tissues of organs such as the heart and the brain. It is especially dangerous for people who suffer from heart disease. The action of a particularly large amount of this gas can be deadly. Annually carbon monoxide poisoning is the main cause of death caused by toxins. People who are poisoned with this gas show symptoms such as:

• Headache, irritability or loss of consciousness.


• Difficulties in working, studying and performing complex tasks.


• The development of heart diseases, such as, angina pectoris, heart failure and coronary artery disease.

Nitrogen dioxide

In many urban areas, this gas can be seen as a brown layer, which is formed as a result of the interaction of gas with other particles in the air. Nitrogen dioxide is released when the fuel burns, as a result of the operation of power plants and plants. This gas is one of the types of nitric oxide, and this is a group of gases, which actively reacts and contains various amounts of nitrogen and oxygen. Nitrogen oxides cause a number of problems, among which:

• Respiratory diseases.


• Acid rain, which is formed as a result of the reaction of nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide with other substances in the air. The result of this reaction is an acid that settles on the surface of the earth in the form of rain, snow, dry particles or fog.


• Toxic chemicals. In the interaction of nitrogen dioxide with other organic substances and even ozone, toxic compounds are formed that can cause biological mutations.


• Impairment of visibility. Nitrogen dioxide and nitrate particles block the propagation of light in urban areas.

Sulfur dioxide

This gas is formed when the fuel burns, which contains sulfur, for example, during the combustion of coal and oil, during the production of gasoline from oil or metal from the ore. Annually, power plants throw 13 million tons of sulfur dioxide into the air, especially those that work on coal. Other sources of this gas are enterprises that produce products from metal ore, coal and crude oil, or burn coal and oil, for example, an oil refinery or a metal plant. Sulfur dioxide is the reason:

• Problems with health in people who suffer from asthma and heart disease.


• Acid rain.


• Destruction of forests and crops.


• Destruction of fish in streams and lakes.

Lead

The main source of lead in the air is leaded gasoline. But as the production of this fuel is discontinued, the main source of lead emissions is the metal industry, and especially the lead smelters. Lead can cause such health problems as:

• Diseases of the kidneys, liver, brain, nervous system and other organs. It can also cause osteoporosis and impair reproductive function. Contact with a significant amount of lead can cause epileptic seizures, mental retardation, inadequate behavior, memory problems and sudden mood changes. Even a small amount of lead can affect the brain and nervous system of a small child or fetus, which leads to learning problems and low intelligence.


• Elevated blood pressure and heart disease.


• Anemia.

Pesticides

Contact with pesticides can occur during the consumption of food products that contain residual agricultural pesticides, use at home or at the workplace of means for controlling rodents, insects, termites, as well as disinfectants and antifungals. The main ways of contact are small amounts of pesticides in food and in direct contact with surfaces (plants, soil) that have been exposed to pesticides.

If used improperly, both domestic and special pesticides can be dangerous. Contact with a significant amount of pesticides can cause headache, drowsiness, muscle contraction, nausea, weakness and tingling sensations. Some experts believe that some pesticides can cause cancer and affect the liver and nervous system. There are cases when contact with pesticides during pregnancy caused interruption, fetal death and early development of cancer, for example, acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The use of pesticides indoors increases the risk of developing a brain tumor in children, ALL and complications during childbirth. Children can be poisoned by these substances, so they need to be stored in a place not accessible to children. In agricultural workers, exposure to pesticides can increase the risk of developing the disease, which is called non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Reduce the use of garden pesticides and limit contact with anti-moth agents.

Mercury, which is contained in fish

For most people, the amount of mercury found in fish and oysters does not cause health problems. But it can affect the brain and nervous system of the fetus or small child. After the mercury is found in the fish, the Food and Drug Administration and the US Environmental Protection Agency recommend that women who are about to become pregnant are already pregnant or breastfeeding, and children should not eat fish that are high in mercury and restrict consumption fish with a low content of mercury.