Larynx
The larynx, larynx, is placed on the level of the IV, V and VI cervical vertebrae, immediately below the hyoid bone, on the front side of the neck, forming here an elevation clearly visible through the outer covers. Behind her lies the pharynx, from which the larynx is in direct communication by means of a hole called the entrance to the larynx, aditus laryngis.
On the sides of the larynx pass the large blood vessels of the neck, and in front the larynx is covered with muscles that are below the hyoid bone (mm. Sternohyoidei, sternothyroidei, omohyoidei), the cervical fascia and the upper parts of the lateral lobes of the thyroid gland. At the bottom of the larynx passes into the trachea. Cartilaginous frame of the larynx is formed by nine hyaline cartilages, 3 of which are unpaired (epiglottis, cricoid and thyroid) and 3 paired (wedge-shaped, coroniform, arytenoid).
The human larynx- this is an amazing musical instrument, representing, as it were, a combination of wind and string instruments. Exhaled through the larynx, the air causes vibration of the vocal cords, stretched like strings, resulting in a sound. Unlike musical instruments in the larynx, both the degree of tension of the strings and the size and shape of the cavity in which the air circulates vary, which is achieved by contraction of the muscles of the oral cavity, tongue, throat and larynx itself, controlled by the nervous system.
This man differs from anthropoids, which are absolutely unable to regulate the jet of exhaled air, which is necessary for singing and speaking. Only the gibbon can to a certain extent be able to make with its voice musical sounds ("gamma gibbona"). In addition, the monkeys have pronounced "voice bags", continuing under the skin and serving as resonators. In humans, they are rudimentary formations (laryngeal ventricles).
It took thousands of years to gradually transform the modulated larynx of the monkey into a human larynx and "mouth organs gradually learned to pronounce one articulate sound after another."
Being a kind of musical instrument, the larynx is also constructed according to the principle of the movement apparatus, therefore it is possible to distinguish between the skeleton in the form of cartilages, their joints and ligaments and muscles, the moving cartilages, as a result of which the size of the glottis and the degree of tension of the vocal cords change. so that by gradually increasing modulations the undeveloped larynx of a monkey transformed into a person's larynx and "mouth organs gradually learned to pronounce one articulate sound after another."
Cartilages of the larynx.
The cricoid cartilage, cricoidea, hyaline, has the shape of a ring consisting of a wide plate, lamina, behind and arc, arcus, front and sides. On the edge of the plate and on its lateral surface there are joint articulations for articulation with arytenoid and thyroid cartilages.
Thyroid cartilage, cartilage thyroidea , the largest of the cartilages of the larynx, hyaline, consists of two laminae, laminae, anteriorly fused at an angle. In children and women, these plates converge roundly, so they do not have such an angular protuberance as in adult men (Adam's apple). On the upper edge of the middle line there is a notch - incisura thyroidea superior. The posterior thickened edge of each plate extends into the upper horn, cornu superius, greater, and the lower horn, cornu inferius, shorter; The latter on the top from the inside has a platform for articulation with cricoid cartilage. On the outer surface of each plate of the thyroid cartilage, an oblique line is visible, the linea obliqua (attachment site of M. sternothyroideus and M. thyrohyoideus).
The arytenoid cartilages, cartilagines arytenoideae , are directly related to the vocal cords and muscles. They resemble pyramids, the bases of which, the basis, are located on the upper edge of the lamina cricoidea, and the apex, the apex, is directed upwards. Anterolateral surface is the most extensive.
At the base are two processes:
- the front (from the elastic cartilage) serves as the place of attachment of the vocal cords and is therefore called processus vocalis (voice),
- lateral (from hyaline cartilage) for the attachment of muscles, processus muscularis.
In the thickness of plica aryepiglottica there are carobs cartilagines, cartilagines corniculatae (on the tops of arytenoid cartilages) and anterior to them are wedge-shaped cartilagines cuneiformes. Epiglottis cartilage, epiglottis s. cartilago epiglottica, is a leaf-shaped plate of elastic cartilaginous tissue, placed in front of the aditus laryngis and directly behind the base of the tongue. To the knee it narrows, forming a stalk of the epiglottis, petiolus epiglottitis The opposite broad end points upward. The convex-concave dorsal surface facing the larynx is covered all over the mucosa; the lower convex portion will stand back into the laryngeal cavity and is called tuhercullum epiglotticum. The anterior, or ventral, surface facing the tongue is free from attachment of the ligaments only in the upper part.
Ligaments and articulations of the larynx.The larynx is suspended from the hypoglossal bone with the help of the membrana thyrohyoidea, stretched between it and the upper edge of the thyroid cartilage, consisting of the non-adnate ligament, iig. thymhyoideum medidnum, and paired ligaments, ligg. thyrohyoidea lateralia, stretched between the ends of the large horn of the hyoid bone and the upper horns of the thyroid cartilage, in the thickness of which a small grain-shaped cartilage, cartilago tritkea, is palpated. The epiglottis is also connected to the hyoid bone, which is connected to it by a lig. hyoepiglotticum and with thyroid cartilage lig. thyroepiglotticum.
Between the arch of the cricoid cartilage and the edge of the thyroid extends a strong ligamentous ligament along the middle line. cricothyroideum, consisting of elastic fibers. The lateral fibers of this ligament, starting from the upper edge of the cricoid cartilage, diverge medially and connect posteriorly with the cartilago arythenoidea; these bundles together with lig. cricothyroideum form a tapering upward conus elasticus, the upper free edge of which represents the vocal cords. Lig. vocale, vocal cords, front attached to the angle of the thyroid cartilage in close proximity to the same ligament of the opposite side, posterior to the processus vocalis of the arytenoid cartilage. The bunch consists of elastic fibers of a yellowish color that run parallel to each other.
Children and young men also have crossed elastic fibers, which in adults disappear. The medial margin of the vocal cords is pointed and free, laterally and the ligament directly passes into the conus elasticus. Above the voice ligament and parallel to it lies a pair of ligament plexus, lig. vestibulare. It is named so because it limits the threshold of the larynx from below. cricothyroideum form a tapering upward conus elasticus, the upper free edge of which represents the vocal cords. Lig. vocale, vocal cords, front attached to the angle of the thyroid cartilage in close proximity to the same ligament of the opposite side, posterior to the processus vocalis of the arytenoid cartilage. The bunch consists of elastic fibers of a yellowish color that run parallel to each other.
The medial margin of the vocal cords is pointed and free, laterally and the ligament directly passes into the conus elasticus. Above the voice ligament and parallel to it lies a pair of ligament plexus, lig. vestibulare. It is named so because it limits the threshold of the larynx from below.
In addition to the ligaments, there are joints between the cartilages of the larynx in the places of adherence of the thyroid and arytenoid cartilages to the cricoid cartilage.
Between the lower horns of the thyroid cartilage and the cricoid-shaped joint, a joint joint is formed, art. cricothyroidea, with a transverse axis of rotation. The thyroid cartilage in this joint moves forward and backward, moving away or approaching the arytenoid cartilages, as a result of which the vocal cords, ligamentum vocale located between them, are stretched (when the thyroid cartilage is inclined forward), then relaxes.
Between the base of each arytenoid cartilage and cricoid, there are paired artt. cricoarytenoideae with a vertical axis, around which the arytenoid cartilage rotates to the sides. Sliding movements are also possible here - the approach and removal of the arytenoid cartilage in relation to each other.
For the function of voice formation of great importance are arytenoid cartilages, between the processes of which are stretched vocal cords. The free space between the vocal cords is called the glottis. Sound is formed by changing the tension of the vocal cords and narrowing or widening the glottis during the passage of air through it. The process of sound formation is controlled by a person consciously. Sound formation is also promoted by three groups of muscles - muscles that regulate the tension of the vocal cords, muscles that expand the vocal cavity and muscles that narrow it.
To what doctors to address for inspection of Gortani:
ENT
What diseases are associated with Gortanya:
- Laryngitis
- Acute obstructive laryngitis (croup)
- Laryngeal tuberculosis
- Epiglottite
- Tumor-like laryngeal formations
- Benign tumors of the larynx
- Malignant tumors of the larynx
- Cancer of the larynx
- Laryngeal burns
- Injuries of the larynx
- Laryngeal edema
- Chondroperichondritis of the larynx
- Pain in the larynx
- Chronic inflammatory diseases of the larynx
- Chronic laryngeal stenosis
- Acute stenosis of the larynx
- Foreign bodies of the larynx
- Chronic atrophic laryngitis
- Chronic catarrhal laryngitis
- Chronic hyperplastic laryngitis
- Acute catarrhal laryngitis
- Infiltrative laryngitis
- Lining laryngitis (false croup)